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| Author: | Kivimaa, Paula | ![]() | |
| Title: | The innovation effects of environmental policies : linking policies, companies and innovations in the Nordic pulp and paper industry | ||
| Series: | Acta Universitatis oeconomicae Helsingiensis. A, ISSN 1237-556X; 329 | ||
| Series no: | A-329 | ||
| Year: | 2008 Thesis defence date: 2008-06-04 | ||
| Discipline: | Organization and Management | ||
| Electronic dissertation: | » download dissertation in pdf-format | ||
| Index terms: | ympäristöpolitiikka; innovaatiot; selluteollisuus; paperiteollisuus; metsäteollisuus; environmental policy; innovation; pulp industry; paper industry; forestry industry | ||
| Language: | eng | ||
| Bibid: | 104678 | Availability info (HELCAT) | ||
| ISBN: | 978-952-488-244-6 | ||
| Abstract: |
Paula Kivimaa: The innovation effects of environmental policies – Linking policies, companies and innovations in the Nordic pulp and paper industry
Abstract The importance of technological innovations providing environmental benefits has been highlighted increasingly in political and scientific discussions, and there is a practical need to analyse how environmental policies promote these innovations. The effects of environmental policies on innovations have been studied before, but the literature provides partly inconsistent and context specific results. It rarely goes deeper into analysing the implications of the context. Thus this thesis analyses the innovation effects of environmental policies by examining both policy and company levels. The research examines the mechanisms through which environmental policies affect innovations, and how variation within and between organisations responding to policies influences the policy effects. The thesis endeavours to explain how the context surrounding policies and innovations varies in the Nordic pulp and paper industry, and why environmental policies sometimes fail to support innovation. To achieve these objectives, a perspective combining policy, technology, and organisation and management studies is adopted. The policy effects are studied as one among many determinants influencing innovation processes, following the idea of the innovation systems literature. The main empirical material comprises twelve cases of technological innovations and inventions, both processes and products, in the Nordic pulp and paper industry. The cases are complemented by an analysis of how environmental considerations are integrated into product development in four large paper and packaging companies, and by one policy case examining the integration of environmental considerations into Finnish technology policies. The pulp and paper sector is characterised by fairly significant achievements in environmental process innovation, developed in networks of public and private organisations, often in response to environmental policy. By contrast, environmental product innovations and the focus of environmental policies on products have been rarer. The findings of the thesis show that the ways in which environmental policies influence innovations can be divided into six categories: responsive effect, anticipatory effect, two-way effect, indirect effect, negative effect and no influence. Variations in how environmental policies affect innovations are explained by the heterogeneity of public policy, the variety of ways in which organisations respond to environmental policies, and changes and inertia in market conditions and technological systems. The organisational dimension is important from the perspectives of environmental policies and innovation. While the target groups of environmental policies are often well defined, the different types of organisations and organisational networks engaging in innovation processes are seldom fully acknowledged by environmental policymakers. This is partly because innovation has rarely been an explicit goal of environmental policies. Even within the defined target group of a specific policy, the differing structures and cultures of seemingly similar companies influence their responses to policies and their innovation capabilities. In large companies, functional disintegration between those following developments in environmental policy and those developing new products may hinder the diffusion of policy signals. Thus, a policy may simply fail to induce innovations because its effects are actually dependent on a complicated route from policy to outcome with a multitude of cause-effect points. The study emphasises the importance of acknowledging organisational variation in policy studies. Key words: environmental policy, innovation, environmental technology, organisations, pulp and paper industry Articles and essays I. Kivimaa P, Mickwitz P. 2004. Driving Forces for Environmentally Sounder Innovations: The Case of Finnish Pulp and Paper Industry. In K Jacob, M Binder, A Wieczorek (eds.), Governance for Industrial Transformation. Proceedings of the 2003 Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change, Environmental Policy Research Centre: Berlin. P. 356 – 372. II. Kivimaa P, Mickwitz P. 2006. The Challenge of Greening Technologies – Environmental policy integration in Finnish technology policies. Research Policy 35(5): 729-744.* III. Kivimaa P. 2007. The determinants of environmental innovation: the impacts of environmental policies on the Nordic pulp, paper and packaging industries. European Environment 17(2): 92-105.** IV. Kivimaa P. 2008. Integrating environment for innovation: Experiences from product development in paper and packaging. Organisation & Environment 21(1): 56- 75.*** V. Kivimaa P, Kautto P, Hildén M, Oksa J. 2008. Green Markets and Cleaner Technologies (GMCT) – What drives environmental innovations in the Nordic pulp and paper industry? Tema Nord 2008:512, Nordic Council of Ministers: Copenhagen. **** * Reprinted with the permission of Elsevier Limited, Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. ** Reprinted with the permission of John Wiley & Sons Limited, Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. *** Reprinted with the permission of Sage Publications, Copyright © 2008 Sage Publications. **** Reprinted with the permission of the Nordic Council of Ministers, Copyright © Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2007. | ||
| Thesis defence announcement: |
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| Opponents: | Berkhout, Frans professor VU University, The Netherlands
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| Chairperson: | Lovio, Raimo professor |
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